Veterinary Physiology

First Year B.V.Sc & A.H.Veterinary Physiology I Semester I: VPB 111 (Blood, Cardiovascular, Excretory System and Body Fluids) Credit Hours: 2 + 1 = 3Tentative lecture schedule

Lecture No.	Topic
Blood
1 & 2	Importance of veterinary physiology and Scope of course; Definition and composition of blood. Plasma, serum; Functions of blood; Properties of blood like haematocrit, ESR, viscosity, osmotic pressure, specific gravity, osmotic fragility (isotonicity, hypertonicity and hypotonicity); Reaction of the blood i.e. blood pH.
3.	Plasma proteins- albumin, globulin, fibrinogen and others; Origin and functions of plasma proteins; Plasma lipids- HDL, LDL and VLDL; Origin and functions of plasma lipids; Blood volume and its determination- direct and indirect methods
4	Erytropoeisis: Reticuloendothelial system, shape, size and number with species, life span, surface; Factors affecting erythropoeisis – hormonal, nutritional and others; Metabolism – Iron absorption, transport, storage and utilization
5 & 6	Chemical structure of haemoglobin; Biosynthesis of haemoglobin; Physiological functions of haemoglobin; Derivatives of haemoglobin- oxyHb, carbaminoHb, carboxyHb, metHb, sulphoHb and myoglobin; Fate of RBCs: intravascular and extra vascular haemolysis, haemoglobin; Degradation, haemoglobinemia, haemoglobinurea, erythrocytic indices, Anemia: classification
7	Platelet: origin, morphology, number and functions; Haemostasis mechanism and its regulation; Coagulation mechanism and coagulating factors; Factors affecting coagulation mechanism
8 & 9	Leukocytes: classification, leucopoeisis, number, life span; Functions of leukocytes: phagocytic, immunogenic and others
Cardiovascular System
10 & 11	Gross morphology of heart; Properties of heart muscles, Metabolism and energetics of cardiac muscles; Specialized excitatory and conduction system of heart; Conduction and Transmission of cardiac impulse; Regulation of heart pumping; Coronary circulation
12 & 13	Cardiac cycle; Cardiac output and its regulation; Properties of pulse: pulsatile flow of blood in artery, Oscillatory flow system of circulation, Pressure pulse contours (normal and abnormal), Pulse wave propagation and shape of pressure pulse.
14	Circulatory mechanics: Functional parts of the circulation (aorta to vena cava), Pressure in different parts of the circulation, Cross section areas and velocity of blood flow; Interrelationships among pressure, flow and resistance: Laminar flow of blood in vessels, Turbulent flow of blood in vessels; Resistance to blood flow: Unit of resistance, Total peripheral vascular resistance and total pulmonary vascular resistance, Conductance and Poiseuille’s law.
15	Nervous control of vascular system: sympathetic and parasympathetic innervations of blood vessels, (vasoconstriction and vasodilation); Hormonal and humoral control of vascular system: (epinephrine, nor epinephrin, Angiotensin II, vasopressin, endothelin, bradykinin and histamine).
16 & 17	Control of blood pressure (Intrinsic and extrinsic regulation): Role of NS in rapid control of BP: vasoconstrictor function, cardio-accelerator function and reciprocal inhibition of parasympathetic vagal inhibitory signals (extrinsic), Reflex mechanisms for maintaining normal BP- Baroreceptor reflex, Chemoreceptor reflex, Atrial and Pulmonary artery reflexes, Volume reflex, Bainbridge reflex (intrinsic). Vagal escape, Circulating fluid volume control of blood pressure: role of venous return (intrinsic), Other factors: pressure diuresis and pressure natriuresis and Renin – Angiotensin – Aldosterone system (extrinsic).
18	Regional circulation to vital organs: (Cerebral, Pulmonary, Coronary, Renal); Foetal circulation; Capillary exchange-forces/pressures causing filtration and reabsorption at arterial and venous end of capillaries; Circulatory control during exercise and shock stress.
19 & 20	Electrocardiography: Definitions, Characteristics of normal ECG. Methods of recording ECG (standard, unipolar, bipolar); Diagnostic uses of ECG recordings in veterinary science; Echocardiography; Terminologies related to cardiac activities.
Excretory System
21	Kidney: Structural and functional morphology of nephron; Renal blood and plasma flow; factors determining renal plasma flow.
22 & 23	Formation of urine: Glomerular filtration: factors determining filtration pressure; Determinants and factors affecting Glomerular Filtration Rate; Regulation of Glomerular Filtration Rate; Tubular reabsorption (of glucose, protein, amino acids and electrolytes) and its regulation; Tubular secretion and its regulation; Excretion of ammonia
24	Concentrations of urine: counter current mechanism; Glomerulotubular balance: changes in osmolarity in different segments of the tubules; Physiology of micturition; Uremia, terminology related to urinary excretion
25	Methods of studying renal function test: Tests depending upon both blood and urine analysis viz test based on clearance of creatinine, para-amino hippuric acid test, inulin and urea; volume study
26	Formation and excretion in birds: characteristics of nephron type; formation, concentration, composition, flow, and excretion of urine
Body fluids
27 & 28	Body fluid compartments- Intracellular, Extracellular and Transcellular; Ionic and Electrolyte composition in of body fluids; Total osmotic pressure, osmolarity, osmolality; regulation of ECF osmolarity; Electrolyte imbalances: excessive blood loss, diarrhea, vomition and dehydration), regulation of ECF electrolyte: Na, K, Ca, Mg, P concentration;  Regulation of bone metabolism for maintenance of calcium and phosphate ion concentration in body fluids
29	Water imbalances; water intoxication and dehydration; regulation of ECF volume; Physiology of thirst, fluid therapy
30	Regulation of H+ concentration and acid base balance: Buffer systems: bicarbonate, phosphate, haemoglobin and plasma proteins, Respiratory regulation of acid base balance: alveolar ventilation, Renal control of acid base balance: secretion of H+,  reabsorption of HCO3– and generation of new HCO3–.
31	Acid base imbalances: Respiratory acidosis and alkalosis, Metabolic acidosis and alkalosis; Physiological mechanism for correction of acid base imbalance
32	Cerebrospinal fluid: formation, flow composition and functions; Synovial fluid- formation, flow composition, and functions; Other body fluids: intraocular, peritoneal and pericardial lymph

First Year B.V.Sc & A.H. Semester I: VPB 112 (General Veterinary Biochemistry) Credit Hours: 1 + 1 = 2 Tentative lecture schedule

Lecture No.	Topic
1 & 2	Scope and importance of biochemistry. Buffer system and pH. Dissociation of and Handerson – Hasselbalch equation
3 & 4	Structure of cell membranes and transport across cell membranes. Donnan membrane equilibrium
Biochemistry of carbohydrates: Biological significance (structure and properties) of:
5	Monosaccharides (ribose, glucose, fructose, galactose, mannose and amino sugars)
6	Disaccharides (maltose, isomaltose, lactose, sucrose and cellobiose
7	Polysaccharides (starch, dextrins, dextrans, glycogen, cellulose, inulin, chitin)
8	Mucopolysaccharides including bacterial cell wall polysaccharides
Biochemistry of lipids:
9 & 10	Properties (structure) and biological significance of simple, compound and derived lipids and lipoproteins
11	Structure and functions of prostaglandins. Chemistry of bile and bile salts
12	Amino acids: Classification and structure of neutral basic and acidic amino acids
13	Properties of amino acids: amphoteric nature, optical activity and peptide bond formation
14	Structure properties, biological significance and chemical reactions of proteins
Biochemistry of nucleic acids
15	Chemistry of purines and pyrimidines, nucleosides and nucleotides. Biological significance of nucleosides and nucleotides
16	Structures and functions of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and a typical ribonucleic acid

First Year B.V.Sc & A.H. Veterinary Physiology I Semester II: VPB 121 (Neuromuscular, Digestive and Respiratory systems) Credit Hours: 2 + 1 = 3 Tentative lecture schedule

Lecture No.		Topic
Digestive System
1 & 2		Introduction and scope of the course. Basic characteristics / functions of digestive system. morphological characteristic of monogastric and polygastric digestive system: comparative aspects herbivores, carnivores, omnivores, etc Developmental aspects of digestion; gastrointestinal motility, importance of colostrums feeding, digestive s3ecrition and microflora development
3		Ingestion, Prehension, Mastication. Deglutition, Salivation, digestion Defecation, Vomition.  Hunger, appetite control, retching, drinking, belching, eructation and rumination.
4		Salivary glands: classification according to location and type of secretion, quantity of saliva secretion, composition of saliva, functions of salivary secretion and regulation of secretion.
5		Gastric glands: structure, secretion and regulation of secretion; Structure, secretion and regulation of secretion of intestine and pancreas; Structure of biliary tract, secretion of bile, composition, function and factors affecting bile secretion.
6 & 7		Enzymatic digestion in monogastric animals. Functions of large intestine
8 & 9		Ruminant digestion: Factors favoring fermentation, functional anatomy of ruminant stomach, developmental aspect of ruminants stomach, rumination; Ruminal bacteria and protozoa; Fermentative and microbial digestion of carbohydrates, protein, and fat; Modification of toxic substances in rumen
10		Absorption: Permeability characteristics of intestine (sites, route or channels and surface of absorption); forces governing absorption (mechanism of absorption); Control intestinal transport of electrolyte and water.
11		Digestion in birds: special characteristics of avian digestive system
Neuromuscular Physiology
12		Muscle physiology : Basic muscle unit characteristics (structural and functional aspect of cardiac, skeletal and smooth muscle)
13 & 14		Properties of excitable tissues; excitability, conductivity, All or non law, refractory period, summation, adaptation, accommodation, indefatigability; Electrical phenomenon in muscle cell: Membrane potential. Ionic basis of resting membrane potential, muscle action potential, excitation and propagation of impulse characteristics.
15 & 16		Neuromuscular transmission Contractile mechanism – excitation contraction coupling. Types of muscle contraction, , rigor mortis
Nervous system
17		Organization and general functions of nervous system (sensory, consciousness, emotion, motor and visceral control); Mechanism of information processing, hierarchical control; Major functional divisions of nervous system.
18		Basic functional unit: neuron structure, types of neuron, functional characteristics of subunits of neuron. Neurotransmitters.
19		Membrane potential – ionic basis of resting membrane potential (RMP), nerve action potential, excitation and propagation of impulse characteristic latent period-refractiveness, threshold level- All or none characteristics
20		Nerve fiber: classification (histological, and functional, chemical, electrophysiological, system of Lloyd, and physio anatomical); Properties of nerve fiber, degeneration and regeneration of nerve fiber; Synaptic and junctional transmission.
21 & 22		Reflexes: Reflex arc and reflex action, varieties of reflex arc, types of reflexes (conditional and unconditional); Reflexes of brain stem and spinal cord; Control of posture and movements.
23 & 24		Higher function of nervous system (brain parts and functions: cerebral cortex, cerebellum, pons and medulla, hypothalamus etc.) Learning, memory. Wakefulness and sleep cycle; Familiarization with common equipments used in neurophysiology (Oscilloscope, electroencephalography, machine stimulators, etc.)
25		Autonomic nervous system: Functional and anatomical division, functions in general, major differentiating features of CNS and ANS; Differentiating features of sympathetic and parasympathetic division; Specific functions of ANS ( visceral control)
26 & 27		Sense organs and receptors physiology of special senses (types and functions); Eye: functional morphology, nourishment and protection, neural pathway, receptors: optics, ocular muscles and movements, photochemistry, eye defects and eye examinations (aid to clinical evaluation); Ear: Physiology of hearing and common hearing impairment. Vestibule apparatus. Physiology of olfaction and taste.
Respiratory System
28	Functional morphology of respiratory apparatus. Mechanisms and regulation of breathing. (Respiratory volumes and capacities). Pressures, recoil tendency, elasticity, surfactants, pleural liquid, compliance.
29	Transport of blood gases, Dissociation curves, ,, exchange of gases in lungs and tissues, diffusion, perfusion, hypoxia and related terms, fetal and neonatal oxygen transport
30	Frictional resistance to air flow, airways smooth muscle contraction, respiratory muscle work, panting, adaptation of respiration during muscles exercise, high altitude
31	Non respiratory lung functions (thermoregulation & acid base balance, excretion)
32	Characteristics of Respiration in birds

First Year B.V.Sc & A.H. Veterinary Physiology I Semester II: VPB 122 (Veterinary Intermediary Metabolism) Credit Hours: 2 + 1 = 3 Tentative lecture schedule

Lecture No.	Topic
1 & 2	Enzymes: Definition, classification and EC numbering of enzymes. Coenzymes, cofactors & isoenzymes. Enzyme units: International units, katal, turnover number & specific activity.
3 & 4	Properties: Protein nature, Enzyme-substrate complex formation, Modern concept of enzyme specificity of enzyme action: substrate specificity, Group specificity, stereo specificity, optical specificity.
5	Factors influencing enzyme action: Effects of temperature, pH, concentration of substrate and enzyme; Enzyme inhibition: Competitive, non competitive, uncompetitive and suicidal inhibition allosteric enzymes.
6 & 7	Biological Oxidation: Enzymes and coenzyrnes involved in oxidation and reduction viz. Oxidoreductase, Oxidases, oxygenases, dehydrogenases, Hydroperoxidases & cytochromes.
8 & 9	Respiratory chain / electron transport chain, oxidative phosphorylation, inhibitors, uncouplers and other factors influencing electron transport chain
Carbohydrate metabolism along with bioenergetics:
10	Glycolysis
11	Kreb’s cycle along with energetics
12	Glyoxilate cycle, HIVIP shunt. Gluconeogenesis
13	Cori cycle, Glycogenesis, Glycogenolysis
14	Hormonal control of carbohydrate metabolism & regulation of blood sugar.
Lipid metabolism with bioenergetics:
15	Beta oxidation of fatty acid, Ketone body formation
16	Biosynthesis of fatty acids. Triacylglycerol metabolism
17	Phospholipids & lipoprotein metabolism
Protein metabolism:
18	Biosynthesis of proteins
19	Degradation of protein: deamination, transamination & decarboxylation of amino acids
20	Ammonia transport and urea cycle.
21 & 22	Nucleic acids: Metabolism of purines and pyrimidines
23	DNA & RNA biosynthesis
24	Integration of metabolism
25	Metabolic functions of macro nutrients
26	Metabolic functions of micro nutrients
Metabolic functions of lipid soluble vitamins:
27	Metabolic functions of Vitamin A & E
28	Metabolic functions of Vitamin D & K
Metabolic functions of water soluble vitamins:
29	Vitamin C
30	Thaimine, Riboflavin, Niacin & Pyridoxine,
31	Pantothenic acid, Folic acid & Cynocobalamin.
32	Use of isotope in metabolic studies.

Second Year B.V.Sc & A.H. Veterinary Physiology II Semester IV: VPB 221 (Endocrinology, Reproduction, Growth and Environmental Physiology) Credit Hours: 3 + 1 = 4 Tentative lecture schedule

Lecture No.	Topic
Endocrinology
1	Introduction and scope of the course, historical background and components of endocrine system (endocrine glands, hormones, target cells / receptors). Methods of studying endocrine glands and measurements of hormones, endocrine, paracrine autocrine action and solinocrine secretion receptors, agonists, antagonists. Effects of hormone action.
2 & 3	Physiology of hormones: definition, classification (according to the source of secretion, chemical nature and nature of action). Hormone transport, general mode of action (peptide, steroid, and amine). Hormone cell interaction, regulation / control of hormone secretion (humeral, nervous, genetic control), metabolism of hormones, biological half life clearance from the blood. General functions of hormones.
4 to 6	Hypothalamo – hypophyseal hormones (development of the pituitary gland, location, histological details / cells, hormones, chemistry of hormones, physiological actions, dysfunctions) hypothalamo – hypophyseal axis
7 & 8	Thyroid (development of the gland, location, histological details / cells, hormones, chemistry of hormones, biosynthesis and fate of thyroid hormones, physiological actions, dysfunctions: hypo and hyper thyroidism, goiter and types, treatment) anti thyroid compounds, control of secretion.
9 & 10	Pancreas ( location, histological details / cells, hormones, chemistry of hormones, physiological actions, dysfunctions – diabetes mellitus) control of secretion
11 & 12	Adrenals – Adrenal cortex (location, histological details / cells, hormones, chemistry of hormones, physiological actions, dysfunctions – Cushing’s syndrome Addison’s diseases and others). Control of secretion Rennin Angiotensin mechanism. Atrial Natriuretic Factors (ANF)
13 & 14	Adrenal medulla (location, histological details / cells, hormones, chemistry of hormones, physiological actions, differences and similarities between epinephrine and non epinephrine, control of secretion
15 & 16	Calcium regulating hormones – Parathyroid gland (location, histological details / cells, hormones, chemistry of hormones, physiological actions, control of secretion, dysfunctions)
17 & 18	Calcitonin and vitamin D: source of secretion, chemistry, physiological action and control of secretion in action of calcium regulating hormones Disorders and differences
19 & 20	Thymus and pineal gland (location, histological details / cells, hormones, chemistry of hormones, physiological actions, dysfunctions) control of secretion
21	Prostaglandins, erythropoietin, pheromones: source of secretion, chemical nature and action.
22	Gastrointestinal hormones: source of secretion, chemical nature and action.
Reproduction
23 & 24	Genetic and endocrine control of gonadal development. Modification of GnRH release (introspective and extrospective) Functional anatomy of female reproductive tract (puberty and sexual maturity, endocrine mechanism and factors affecting photoperoidism)
25 & 26	Ovarian functions. Follicular development, dynamics. Ovulation.  Endocrine and receptor profile. Functions and regulation of estrogens and progesterone; Ovarian cycle. Sexual receptivity. Ovum transport. Reproductive cycles in farm animals and changes in female reproductive tract.
27 & 28	Functional anatomy of male reproductive tract. Functions of sertoli and leydig cells. Spermatogenesis, spermatogenic cycle and wave, structure of spermatozoan; Semen: composition: evaluation. Testosterone: function and regulation. Cryptorchidism. Uses of androgens. Capacitation. Mating. Fertilization.
29	Pregnancy / gestation:  period of ovum, embryo and foetus. Placentation functions of placenta. Hormones in biological fluids during pregnancy and their use in pregnancy diagnosis.
30	Maternal, foetal and placental participation in pregnancy and parturition. Factors inducing the parturition preparturient endocrine events.  Mechanism of parturition. Immunology of gestation.
Lactation
31	Functional and metabolic organization of mammary glands, structure and development. Hormonal control of mammary growth, Effect of estrogens and progesterone.
32 & 33	Lactogenesis and galactopoiesis: Role of hormones. Biosynthesis of milk constituents, secretion of milk, milk let down. Lactation cycle.
34	Composition of milk, metabolic changes in mastitis. Prolactin and mammary tumors.
Growth and environmental physiology
35 – 36	(Growth – concept – cellular – hyperplasia and hypertrophy – and other aspects etc.) Biochemical and genetic determinants of growth. Regulation of growth. Metabolic and hormone interactions. (Prenatal growth – aspects – cleavage and differentiation). Organogenesis. (Developmental horizons). (Factors affecting prenatal and post natal growth) (EGF, NGF, Chalones, Promines, retine, erythropoietin etc.)
37 – 38	Factors affecting efficiency of growth and production in ruminants and single stomach animals. Growth in meat producing animals and birds. Growth curves (absolute, relative and specific growth). (Growth regulators: hormones, feed additives, antibiotics, anthelmentics, etc.).
39	Recombinant gene transfer technologies in growth manipulation – advantages and limitations. Growth in meat producing animals and birds. Protein deposition in animals and poultry.
40	Climatology: (definition of weather, climate, Macroclimate, And Micro climate. Thermoneutral zone and critical temperature). Cold and warm blooded animals.
41	General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) Circadian rhythm. Importance and effects of various environmental variables like – temperature, humidity, light, radiation and altitude on animal performance, endocrine functions and reproductive functions.
42 & 43	Hibernation and aestivation. Heat exchange mechanisms: physical (conduction, convection and radiation) and chemical (metabolic) regulation Body temperature. Heat balance. Heat tolerance. Hyperthermia and hypothermia. Thermoregulation in farm animals.
44	Acclimation, acclimatization; Role of skin; Responses of animals to heat and cold; (Circulatory responses, sweating, panting, thermogenesis); Heuristic models and role of hypothalamus in thermoregulation; Fever.
45 & 46	System and patterns (types) of behavior; Neurophysiology of behavior;
47 & 48	Communication; Learning and memory; Behavioural plasticity.

Third Year B.V.Sc & A.H. Semester VI: VPB 221 (Endocrinology, Reproduction, Growth and Environmental Physiology) Credit Hours: 2 + 1 = 3 Tentative lecture schedule

Lecture No.	Topic
Endocrinology
1	Definitions, basic concepts and scope of animal biotechnology.
2 & 3	Recombinant DNA technology: Principles, procedures and applications
4 & 5 (Micro)	Gene cloning, vectors and expression vectors. New generation vaccines: subunit, recombinant and recombinant vectored vaccines
6	Animal tissue culture: Principles, procedure and application
7 & 8	Transformation and cell lines: Principles, procedure and application
9	Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and its application in molecular diagnosis. DNA probes, nucleic acid hybridization
10 & 11	Transfection, Transgenic animal and biopharming
12 & 13	Construction of genomic library and cDNA library
14 & 15	DNA sequencing – genome, sequencing and mapping
16	Marker assisted selection and gene banking
17	Nutritional biotechnology including bioconversion of lignocellulose, genetic manipulation of microbes for improved feed utilization and health
18 & 19	Principles of transfer of nucleic acids and proteins (Southern, Northern and Western blotting), DNA fingerprinting and its applications
20	Tumour markers and acute phase proteins
21	Hybridoma and monoclonal antibodies
22	Fermentation process
23	Technologies for milk, meat and leather
24 (Gyn)	Biotechnological application in animal improvements: Embryo biotechniques, in vivo embryo production, Embryo micromanipulation
25	In vitro embryo production, Embryo sexing
26	Embryo preservation, Embryo cloning
27 & 28	Ethics and regulatory issues in biotechnology, IPR, Bioinforrnatics

First Year M.V.Sc. Veterinary Physiology Semester I: VPY 601 (Physiology of Digestion) Credit Hours: 2 + 1 = 3 Tentative lecture schedule

Lecture No.	Topic
1 – 2	Basic characteristics and comparative physiology of digestive system of domestic animals
3 – 4	Gastro-intestinal motility
5 – 10	Secretary functions of gastro-intestinal tract and their regulation
11 – 12	Gastro-intestinal hormones
13 – 16	Absorption, metabolism and excretion of various nutrients
17 – 18	Appetite and control of feed intake
19 –  20	Development of ruminant system and rumen environment
21 – 24	Ruminant microbial digestion, its advantages and disadvantages
25 – 26	Rumino-reticular motility, its significance and control
27	Rumen microbiology
28	Digestion in birds

Semester I: VPY 602 (Cardiovascular and Respiratory Physiology) Credit Hours: 2 + 1 = 3 Tentative lecture schedule

Lecture No.	Topic
1	Heart muscle, heart as pump, origin and propagation of heart beat
2 – 4	Electrophysiology of heart, rhythmic excitation of heart, cardiac cycle
5	Heart sound and dynamics of valvular and congenital heart defect
6 – 7	Cardiac output and its measurements, factors affecting cardiac output. Venous return and its regulation.
8 – 9	Control of the heart
10	Normal electro-cardiogram
11 – 12	Electrocardiographic interpretation in cardiac myopathies and cardiac arrhythmias
13	Circulation and haemodynamics
14 – 16	Coronary, systemic and pulmonary circulation & their regulation
17 – 18	Energetics of circulation, pathophysiology of circulation
19 – 20	Respiration, mechanism of ventilation
21	Haemoglobin
22 – 24	Oxygen and carbon dioxide transport. Respiratory gas exchange
25	Respiratory adjustment at high altitude and deep swimming
26 – 27	Neural and chemical control of respiration, artificial respiration
28	Respiration in birds

Semester I: VPY 603 (Renal Physiology and Body Fluid Dynamics) Credit Hours: 2 + 1 = 3 Tentative lecture schedule

Lecture No.	Topic
1 – 2	An overview of nephron structure and function
3 – 5	Renal homeostatic function and renal excretory function
6	Quantitative analysis of renal function
7	Renal haemodynamics
8 – 10	Glomerular filtration: its mechanism and measurement
11 – 13	Selectivity permeability of the glomerular capillary wall, structural basis of GFR
14 – 16	Tubular reabsorption and transport
17 – 18	Role of kidney in acid–base balance
19 – 20	Physiology of micturition, endocrine control of renal function
21	Non excretory functions of kidney
22 – 23	Skin- general anatomy of epidermis, dermis, hypodermis. Mechanical protection, permeability, actinic irradiation
24	Sweat glands, sebaceous glands. Skin grafting. Immune properties of skin
25 – 27	Composition of body fluids and their regulation
28	Excretory system in birds

Semester II: VPY 604 (Haematology) Credit Hours: 2 + 1 = 3 Tentative lecture schedule Semester II: VPY 605 (Vitamins and Minerals in Animal Physiology) Credit Hours: 2 + 0 = 2 Tentative lecture schedule

Lecture No.	Topic
1	Introduction to vitamins & minerals in physiology
2	Historical background and importance of study
3	Definition and classification of vitamins
4 – 5	Overview of functions and properties
6 – 7	Vitamin A: Classification, metabolism, functions, deficiency and toxicity
8 – 9	Vitamin D: Classification, metabolism, functions, deficiency and toxicity
10 – 11	Vitamin E: Classification, metabolism, functions, deficiency and toxicity
12 – 13	Vitamin K: Classification, metabolism, functions, deficiency and toxicity
14 – 18	Vitamin B Complex: Classification, metabolism, functions, deficiency and toxicity
19 – 20	Vitamin C: Classification, metabolism, functions, deficiency and toxicity
21	Calcium and Phosphorus: Function, homeostasis, source, deficiency & toxicity
22	Sodium & Potassium: Function, homeostasis, source, deficiency & toxicity
23	Chloride & Sulphur: Function, homeostasis, source, deficiency & toxicity
24	Copper  & Cobalt: Function, homeostasis, source, deficiency & toxicity
25	Iodine  & Iron: Function, homeostasis, source, deficiency & toxicity
26	Manganese & Molybdenum: Function, homeostasis, source, deficiency & toxicity
27	Selenium & Zinc: Function, homeostasis, source, deficiency & toxicity
28 – 2 9	Other micro minerals: Function, homeostasis, source, deficiency & toxicity
30	Toxic minerals
31 – 32	Role of vitamins and minerals in growth and reproduction

Semester II: VPY 606 (Physiology of Animal Reproduction) Credit Hours: 2 + 1 = 3 Tentative lecture schedule

Lecture No.	Topic
1	Functional Histomorphology of male reproductive system
2	Development of male sex organs
3	Functional Histomorphology of female reproductive system
4	Development of female sex organs
5	Puberty in males and females and factors affecting puberty
6	Hormones of Reproduction – male reproductive system
7 – 9	Hormones of Reproduction – female reproductive system
10 – 11	Oestrous Cycle – endocrinology and cytology
12 – 13	Sexual  behavior exhibited in females
14 – 15	Oogenesis, Folliculogenesis and Ovulation
16	Secretions of female reproductive tracts in animals
17	Male mating behavior
18 – 20	Spermatogenesis, Spermiogenesis and Seminiferous epithelial cycles
21 – 23	Spermatozoa : Structure and composition; Maturation & Transport
24	Secretions of male reproductive tracts
25	Transport of male and female gametes
26	Fertilization & Implantation
27 – 29	Pregnancy
30 – 31	Parturition
32	Post partum recovery in different species of animals

Semester II: VPY 607 (Clinical physiology) Credit Hours: 2 + 1 = 3 Tentative lecture schedule

Lecture No.	Topic
1	Heart, cardiac cycle
2	Cardiovascular system, Respiratory system.
3 – 4	Evaluation of Heart in disease conditions
5 – 6	Evaluation of Respiratory system in disease conditions
7 – 8	Hepatic evaluation in disease conditions
9 – 10	Renal evaluation in disease conditions
11 – 12	Carbohydrate metabolism in normal condition and disease conditions
13 – 14	Fat  metabolism in normal condition and disease conditions
15 – 16	Protein metabolism in normal condition and disease conditions
17 – 18	Mineral metabolism in normal condition and disease conditions
19 – 20	Functions and dysfunctions of Liver
21 – 22	Functions and dysfunctions of Kidneys
23 – 24	Functions and dysfunctions of Gastro Intestinal Tract
25 – 26	Immune response and its clinical evaluation
27 – 28	Immunological evaluation of immune response
29 – 30	Enzymes and their importance
32 – 36	Tests for enzymes (SGOT, SGPT LDH, AKP)

Semester II: VPY 608 (Neuromuscular physiology) Credit Hours: 2 + 1 = 3 Tentative lecture schedule

Lecture No.	Topic
1 – 3	Types and classification of muscles, comparative histopathology of muscles
4 – 7	Properties of skeletal muscle fibers, membrane and action potential at myo-neuronal junction
8 – 9	Molecular characteristics of contractile filaments, molecular mechanism of muscle contraction
10 – 12	Relationship between actin and myosin filaments, overlap and tension developed by the contracting muscles
13	Length and tension relationship, force and velocity relationship of skeletal muscle
14	Contractile process of smooth muscles
15 – 16	Skeletal muscle energetics, metabolism and lactate shuttle
17 – 18	Exercise, adaptation to training and performance
19	Neuromuscular disorders of domestic animals
20 – 22	Nervous system, synapse, transmission and processing of information, receptors
23	Brain and spinal reflexes
24 – 27	Motor functions of brain stem, limbic system, memory, sleep and learning
28 – 30	Autonomic nervous system
31 – 32	Special senses and somatic senses

Semester II: VPY 609 (Chemical bioregulation in physiological functions) Credit Hours: 3 + 0 = 3

1 – 2	Methods of study in bioregulation including methods of endocrine analysis
3 – 4	Manipulation and disruption of biorhythms in homeostatic and natural ecosystem
5	Concepts in hormone function
6 – 7	Genetic and genomic approaches in endocrinology. Animal models and alternate uses of animal model
8 – 10	Classification of hormones on the basis of chemical nature, location of endocrine glands and on the basis of physiological functions
11 – 13	Methods of study – hormonal assay (bioassay, RIA and ELISA)
14 – 15	Mechanism of hormone synthesis, release and transport
16 – 18	Mechanisms of hormone action, target cell interactions
19 – 22	Regulation and metabolism of hypothalamic, hypophyseal hormones
23 – 24	Regulation and metabolism of thyroid hormones
25 – 26	Regulation and metabolism of adrenal hormones
27 – 30	Regulation and mechanism of action of gonadal and placental hormones
31	Hormonal principles of pineal gland and its role in production
32 – 33	Endocrine control of carbohydrate homeostasis
34 – 35	Endocrine control of calcium homeostasis
36 – 37	Hormones and adaptation to environment
38	Hormonal regulation of gastro-intestinal activity
39 – 40	Prostaglandins (Physiological and therapeutic role)
41 – 43	Hormones in fertility regulation (Female and male)
44 – 46	Hormones in production augmentation. Hormonal relationship in animal production
47 – 48	Avian endocrinology

First Year M.V.Sc. Veterinary Biochemistry Semester I: VBC 601 (Chemistry of Animal Cell) Credit Hours: 2 + 0 = 2

Tentative lecture schedule

Lecture No.                                                       Topics UNIT I

1]         Pre-biotic world and chemical evolution.

2-3]      Cellular architecture and molecular organization of cell.

4]         Metabolic functions of cell.

UNIT II

5]         Thermodynamics,

6]         Chemical equilibrium and standard state.

7-8]      Living cell as steady state and open system obeying laws of thermodynamics.

9]         Minimum energy conformation.

10-11]  Quantum mechanical calculation.

12]       ∆G and ATP.

UNIT III

13]       Properties of water.

14]       Homeostasis

15]       Colloids and determination of size of colloidal particles.

16]       Brownian motion, precipitation, mutual precipitation and protective colloids.

17]       Dialysis and ultrafiltration

18-19]  Donnan’s theory of membrane equilibrium, membrane hydrolysis

20-21]  Application of physicochemical laws in living organisms (osmosis, viscosity, surface forces, adsorption, etc.)

22]       Bronsted’s theory of Acids and Bases, titratable and actual acidity.

23]       Determination of pH, Henderson – Hasselbalch Equation

24]       Buffers and factors affecting buffering capacity.

25]       Bicarbonate buffer system, Phosphate buffer system,

26]       Protein buffer system and Haemoglobin buffer system.

27]       Amino acid buffer system, buffer of RBC’s and plasma.

28-29]  Chemical basis of oral and parental fluid/electrolyte therapies

30]       Bacterial toxigenic diarrhoeas

31]       Problem solving – Lecture1 to12.

32]       Problem solving – Lecture13 to30.

Semester I: VBC 602 (Techniques in Biochemistry) Credit Hours: 0 + 2 = 2

Tentative lecture schedule

Practical No.                                                       Topics 1]         Solving problems using Henderson–Hasselbalch equation regarding pH.

2]         Determination of pKa and buffer concentration

3]         Calculation of normality.

4]         Principle and application of colorimetry and spectrophotometry.

5]         Application NMR-X ray crystallography. (Theoritocal back ground).

6]         Principle and application of Paper Chromatography.

7]         Principle and application of Thin Layer Chromatography.

8]         Principles and applications of Column chromatography.

9]         Partition chromatography and adsorption co-efficient.

10]       Quantitative and qualitative chromatography of amino acids.

11]       Quantitative and qualitative chromatography of lipids.

12]       Quantitative and qualitative chromatography of sugars. (Theoritocal back ground)

13]       Elution following Column chromatography.

14]       Gas chromatography. (Theoritocal back ground)

15]       Packing of column and choice of detectors and densitometry.

16]       Application of electrophoresis. Electrophoresis of proteins.

17]       Electrophoresis of nucleic acids.

18]       Use of sodium dodecyl sulfate and molecular weight determination.

19]       Use of sodium dodecyl sulfate and molecular weight determination.

20]       Densitometry procedures and quantitative assays.

21]       Immuno-electrophoresis and its applications.

22-23]  Preparation of agar/agarose gel for immuno-electrophoresis.

24]       Isoelectrofocussing.

25]       Isotacophoresis.

26]       Molecular sieving and its application in Biochemistry.

27]       General properties of dextran, acrylamide, agar and other media used for gel filtration.

28]       Ultracentrifugation– its principle and use.

29-30]  Preparative analytical and density gradient ultracentrifugation.

31]       Fractionation of sub-cellular components.

32]       Molecular weight determination using ultracentrifuge.

Semester I: VBC 603 (Applications of Genomics and Proteomics in Molecular Biology) Credit Hours: 2 + 0 = 2

Tentative lecture schedule

Lecture No.                                                       Topics UNIT I

1]         Nucleotides and nucleic acids.

2]         High order structures, cohesions and condensins in chromosome structure.

3]         SMC proteins and sequencing.

4]         Mutation and evolution.

5]         DNA libraries.

6]         Bacterial RNA polymerase.

7]         RNA interference.

8]         DNA replication.

9]         RNA synthesis.

10]       Control of gene expression.

11]       DNA microarrays/chips.

UNIT II

12]       PCR and factors affecting it.

13]       r-DNA technology in improving domestic animals.

14]       RELP, Gene and gene products.

15]       Genetic changes in hereditary diseases, cancer and detection using DNA probes.

16]       Gene Therapy, DNA vaccines, anti-tumor antibodies.

17]       Telomerases and Topoisomerases in treatment of diseases.

18]       Staphylococcus resistance to erythromycin.

UNIT III

19]       Peptide bonds and protein structure.

20]       Acid-base properties and stereochemistry of proteins.

21]       Side chain modifications and biological activities of proteins.

22]       Green fluorescent protein and use.

23]       Polypeptide diversity, protein purification and analysis.

24]       Protein sequencing, reconstructing the protein sequence.

25]       Gene duplication and protein families.

26]       Protein modules, combinatorial peptide libraries folding.

27]       Structural bio-informatics.

28]       Protein structure prediction, designing and Proteomics.

29]       Drug molecules, myoglobin and haemoglobin.

30]       Mechanism and co-operativity in Hb.

31]       High altitude adaptation in ruminants and equines.

32]       Use of amino acid analysis in disease diagnosis.

Semester I: VBC 604 (Biochemistry of Biomolecules: Carbohydrates Lipids and Membrane’s Structure) Credit Hours: 2 + 0 = 2

Tentative lecture schedule

Lecture No.                                                       Topics UNIT I

1]         Carbohydrates: structure

2]         Glycoconjugates in cell surface, extra cellular matrix,

3]         Sugar code functions, peptidoglycan-specific antibiotics

4]         Cellular effects of Insulin

5]         Glucose supply and removal

6]         Ruminal fermentation

7]         Role of liver

8]         Glucose tolerance, indirect monitoring of blood glucose

9]         Ketone bodies

UNIT II

10]       Lipid classification,

11]       Metabolism of LCFA, TAG, PL,

12]       Sphingolipids, cholesterol, lipoproteins

13]       Regulation of lipid metabolism in fed and fasted states

14]       Regulation of FA oxidation, fas as regulatory molecules

15]       Glucose production and fas in type II diabetes

16]       Ketone bodies as fuel.

UNIT III

17]       Lipid bilayers, lipid motility,

18]       Integral membrane proteins, lipid linked proteins, peripheral membrane proteins

19]       Fluid mosaic model, membrane skeleton,

20]       Lipid asymmetry, vesicle trafficking

21]       Secretory pathway, membrane rafts

22]       Caveolae fusion

23]       Lung surfactant

24]       Structure of bacterial rhodopsin

25]       Thermodynamics of membrane transport

26]       Ionophores, porins, ion channels, aquaporins, transport proteins

27]       P and F types (Na+ – K+ ) atpases

28]       Ca , Ion–gradient, Gap Junction,

29]       Cl–HCO-  exchanger

30]       Cardiac  2+3 glycosides

31]       Abnormalities in cell membrane fluidity

32]       Haemolytic anaemia

Semester I: VBC 605 (Enzyme Catalysis, Kinetics, Inhibition and Regulation) Credit Hours: 2 + 0 = 2

Tentative lecture schedule

Lecture No.                                                       Topics UNIT I

1]         Introduction to the enzymes their classification and functions.

2]         Enzyme activation energy.

3]         Mechanisms of acid-base reaction co-ordination.

4]         Mechanisms of covalent reaction co-ordination.

5]         Mechanisms of metal ion reaction co-ordination.

6]         Proximity and orientation effects.

7]         Preferential transitional state binding.

UNIT II

8]         Chemical kinetics of reaction.

9]         Enzyme kinetics of reaction.

10]       Kinetic data analysis.

11]       Bisubstrate reactions.

12-13]  Competitive, Uncompetitive, Mixed inhibitors.

14]       Allosteric regulation.

15]       Enzymes in drug designing.

16]       Enzymes in drug discovery.

17]       Bioavailability and toxicity.

18]       Enzymes in clinical trials.

19]       Cytochrome P450 and adverse drug reactions.

20]       Synthesis of bacterial peptidoglycans.

21]       Synthesis of Oxygenases.

22]       Synthesis of mixed function oxidases.

23]       Enzyme linked diagnostics.

UNIT III

24]       Lysozymes.

25]       Serine proteases.

26]       Physiology and tumor cell metastasis.

27]       Nerve poisons.

28]       Blood coagulation cascade.

29]       Equine immuno-deficiency enzyme inhibitors.

30]       Suicide activators (DFMO for inhibition of ornithine decarboxylases in trypanosomiasis).

31]       Problem solving – Lecture1 to12.

32]       Problem solving – Lecture13 to30.

Semester II: VBC 606 (Metabolism – I: Carbohydrates and Lipids) Credit Hours: 2 + 0 = 2

Tentative lecture schedule

Lecture No.                                                       Topics UNIT I

1]         Metabolic control,

2]         Analyses for enzymes limiting the flux through a pathway.

3]         Trophic strategies,

4]         Universal mapping of metabolic pathways

5]         Thermodynamic relationships. G,

6]         ATP and phosphoryl group transfer

7]         Coupled reactions, thioesters,

8]         NAD+ and FAD.

UNIT II

9]         Overview of carbohydrate and lipid cycles,

10]       Control of glycolysis

11]       Glycolysis in cancer cells

12]       Control of pentose phosphate pathways

13]       Deficiency of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase

14]       Control of glycogen metabolism

15]       Control of gluconeogenesis

16]       GSD.

17]       Regulation of citric acid cycle

18]       Pathways that use citric acid intermediates

19]       Sugar interconversions and nucleotide – linked sugar formation

20]       Disorders associated with impairment of metabolism

UNIT III

21]       Electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation

22]       Generation of heat by uncoupling in brown adipose tissue.

UNIT IV

23]       Regulation of fatty acid metabolism

24]       Inhibitors of fatty acids biosynthesis

25]       Sphingolipid degradation

26]       Lipid storage disease

27]       Regulation of cholesterol synthesis

28]       PGs in NSAID

29]       Leukotrienes

30]       HETEs

31]       Hypersensitivity

32]       Influence of glucose metabolism on lipid metabolism

Semester II: VBC 607 (Metabolism – II: Nucleic Acids and Amino Acids) Credit Hours: 2 + 0 = 2

Tentative lecture schedule

Lecture No.                                                       Topics UNIT I

1]         Overview of pathways of amino acid

2]         Overview of pathways of nucleic acid metabolism

3]         Lysosomal degradation

4]         Ubiquitin

5]         Proteosome

6]         Breakdown of amino acids

7]         Heme biosynthesis and degradation

8]         Biosynthesis of physiologically active amines

9]         Nitric oxide

10]       Homocystein as marker of disease

11-12]  Diseases of amino acid metabolism

13]       Porphyrias

UNIT II

14]       Nucleotide synthesis and degradation

15]       Inhibition of thymidylate synthesis in cancer therapy

16]       Mutation in coenzyme binding sites and diseases

17]       Forces stabilizing NA structure

18]       Restriction endonucleases

19]       Small inhibitory RNAs

20]       Chromatin organization

21]       Inhibitors of topoisomerases as antibiotic

22]       Anti-cancer agents interfering with purine and pyramidine metabolism

UNIT III

23]       Viral nucleic acids

24]       DNA damage and repair

25]       Telomerase

26]       Ageing and cancer

27]       Topoisomerases as drug targets

28]       Chemotherapy can target precursors of DNA synthesis

29]       Antibiotics and toxins that target RNA polymerase

30]       Lysosomal enzymes

31]       Gout

32]       Diseases in purine and pyrimidine nucleotide metabolic impairment

Semester II: VBC 608 (Metabolism – III: Integration and Regulation) Credit Hours: 2 + 0 = 2

Tentative lecture schedule
Lecture No.                                                       Topics UNIT I
1]         Regulation of carbohydrate metabolism
2]         Regulation of lipid metabolism
3]         Regulation of protein metabolism
4]         Regulation of nucleic acid metabolism
5]         Integration all metabolic pathways
UNIT II
6]         Organ specialization in fuel metabolism: Brain, muscle
7]         Organ specialization in fuel metabolism: adipose tissue, liver, kidney
8]         Inter organ metabolic pathways
9]         Hormonal control of fuel metabolism
10]       Tracing metabolic fates perturbing the system
UNIT III
11]       Signal transduction, gated ion channels
12]       G-proteins
13]       Adenylate cyclase, cGMP,  Ca2+
14]       Receptor tyrosine kinase
15]       Protein phosphatases
16]       Interaction of Ca2+ with phosphoserine/tyrosine
17]       Integrations of proteins/ messengers in signal transduction
18]       Drugs and toxins
19]       Cell cycle and CDKs that affect cell signaling
UNIT IV
20]       Oncogenes and cancers
21]       Mitochondrial genes and diseases
22]       Reactive oxygen species
23]       Cyanide and arsenic poisoning
24]       Metabolic inter-relationships in obesity, diabetes, and cancer
25]       Metabolic inter-relationships in aerobic and anaerobic exercise in horses
26]       Metabolic inter-relationships in pregnancy, lactation and stress injury
27]       Mitochondria in apoptosis and oxidative stress, cell suicide
28]       Liver diseases
29]       Renal diseases
30]       Acid-base balance
31]       Metabolic/sensory transduction in nervous tissue
32]	Vision, blood coagulation

Semester II: VBC 609 (Central Dogma and Protein) Credit Hours: 2 + 0 = 2

Tentative lecture schedule

Lecture No.                                                       Topics UNIT I

1]         Overview of transcription and translation in eukaryotes

2]         Collision between DNA polymerase and RNA polymerase

3]         Inhibitors of transcription

4]         Introns

5]         Evolution and expansion of the genetic code

UNIT II

6]         The effects of antibiotics and toxins on protein synthesis

7]         X – chromosome inactivation

8]         Eukaryotic gene expression

9]         Protein targeting

UNIT III

10]       Actin structure

11]       Microfilament dynamics

12]       Actin-myosin reacting cycle

13]       Tubulin dimmer

14]       Microtubules dynamics

15]       Kinensins and dyeins

UNIT IV

16]       Antigen-antibody binding

17]       Cytokines

18]       Principles of immunochemical methods

19]       Agglutination, precipitation

20]       Typing of major histo-compatibility antigens

21]       Blood group substances in farm animals

UNIT V

22]       Proteins as infectious agents (prions – BSE).

23]       Protein misfolding and aggregation

24]       Plasma proteins, synthesis, functions

25]       Influences of physiological factors and inflammation on proteins

26]       Dysproteinemias

27]       Defects in collagen synthesis

28]       Transmissible multiple drug resistance

29]       Transcription factors and cardiovascular diseases

30]       Transferrin

31]       Lactoferrin

32]       Ferritin and Ceruloplasmin

Semester II: VBC 610 (Clinical Biochemistry of Animals) Credit Hours: 2 + 1 = 3

Tentative lecture schedule

Lecture No.                                                       Topics UNIT I

1-3]      Disturbances of gastro-intestinal function- Irritable Bowel Syndrone Ulcerative Collitis

4-6]      Disturbances of rumen function. – Bloat (Tympany), urea poisoning, acute rumen indigestion, Lactic acidosis

7-8]      Pickled pigs and malignant hyperthermia.

9-10]    Diagnosis of neuromuscular disorders. Eg. mitochondrialdiseases

UNIT II

11]       Myocardial infarction,

12]       Respiratory distress syndrome.

13-14]  Primary renal dysfunctions and test,

15-16]  Doping. Problems in game horses.

UNIT III

17-18]  Enzymes of diagnostic importance.

19-20]  Toxicity of ammonia in animals.Genetic defects in urea cycle.

21]       Lysosomal storage diseases.

22-23]  ATP synthase inhibitory protein during ischemia. Ischaemic – reperfusion injury.

UNIT IV

24-25]  Molecular oncology and tumor markers.

26]       CSF characteristics in diseases.

27]       Clinical Biochemistry in toxicology.

28]       Glycosylated hemoglobin, HbA1c, fructosamine.

29]       Deranged glucose metabolism in cancerous tissue.

30]       Free Radical damage.

31]       Problem solving for lectures 1-16

32]       Problem solving for lectures 17-30

Semester III: VBC 606 (Biochemical Basis of Diseases of Domestic Animals) Credit Hours: 2 + 0 = 2

Tentative lecture schedule

Lecture No.                                                       Topics UNIT I

1]         Diabetes mellitus

2-3]      Hyperinsulemia, galactosemia, hypoglycaemia of baby pigs,

4]         Glycogen Storage Disease.

5]         Carbohydrate balance in ruminants.

6]         Biochemical alterations in body fluids of ruminants in hypoglycaemia,

7]         Ruminant ketosis.

UNIT II

8]         Hypercholesterolemia,

9]         Atherosclerosis,

10-11]  hyperlipidemia in canine, feline, equine.

12]       Pathophysiology of ketonemia.

13-14]  Ketosis associated with fasting, diabetes, pregnancy, lactation and post exercise.

UNIT III

15]       Anemias of the newborn,

16-17]  Cytosolic enzyme deficiencies and membrane abnormalities in erythrocytes.

18]       Porphyrins and porphyrias.

19]       Disorders of iron metabolism,

21]       Neutrophil function defects and its testing.

22]       Equine immuno-deficiency.

UNIT IV

23-24]  Hepatic insufficiencies and its laboratory assessment

25-26]  Pancreatitis and insuffiency

27-28]  Metabolic diseases of Ca, P, Mg metabolism

29]       Iron overload and injection

30]       Inorganic polyphosphate metabolism

31]       Problem solving for lectures 1 – 16

32]       Problem solving for lectures 17 – 30

Semester III: VBC 612 (Endocrinology and Reproductive Biochemistry) Credit Hours: 2 + 0 = 2

Tentative lecture schedule

Lecture No.                                                       Topics UNIT I

1-2]      Mechanism of hormone action

3]         Receptor binding,

4-6]      Biosynthesis of hormones and factors

7-8]      Metabolic aspects in physio-pathology of hormones, factors, and minerals.

UNIT II

9-10]    Metabolic functions of the hormones of the hypothalamus

11-12]  Metabolic functions of pituitary

13]       Metabolic functions of Thyroid

14]       Metabolic functions of parathyroid

15]       Metabolic functions of pancreas

16-17]  Metabolic functions of adrenal

18]       Metabolic functions of pineal

19]       Metabolic functions of ovaries

20]       Metabolic functions of testes

21-22]  Biochemistry of prostaglandins and related agents.

23-24]  Clinical endocrine aspects in production in domestic animals

25-26] Clinical endocrine aspects in reproduction status in domestic animals

27-28]  Clinical endocrine aspects in production in poultry

29-30] Clinical endocrine aspects in reproduction status in poultry

31]       Problem solving for lectures 1-15

32]       Problem solving for lectures 15-30

Semester III: VBC 613 (Biochemical Basis of Animal Production) Credit Hours: 2 + 1 = 3

Tentative lecture schedule

Lecture No.                                                       Topics UNIT I

1-2]      Chemistry of milk lipids,

3-4]      Chemistry of milk proteins,

5-6]      Chemistry of milk carbohydrates,

7-8]      Chemistry of milk minerals,

9-10]    Chemistry of milk vitamins,

11-12]  Chemistry of milk pigments and enzymes.

13-14]  Structure of milk lipids, fat globular membranes, modification of milk fat.

15-16]  Milk proteins – casein, amino acid composition, whey proteins, immunoglobulins, genetic polymorphism.

17-18]  Carbohydrates: structure and sweetness.

UNIT II

19-20]  The biochemistry controlling postmortem energy metabolism mechanisms.

21-22]  Application of genomic technologies to the improvement of meat quality of farm animals.

23-24]  Identification of meat quality parameters by proteomics.

25-26]  Application of proteomics to understand the molecular mechanisms behind meat quality.

27-28]  Oxidative stability of post mortem muscles from sheep of various ages.

UNIT III

29-30]  Metabolic demands of draft animals, and biochemical aspects of work and kinesiology.

31]       Problem solving for lectures 1-15

32]       Problem solving for lectures 15-30

1. Talvelkar, B. A. (1967). The effect of molting on some of the egg qualities in White Leghorn and Rhode Island Red birds.B.V.C.M. 14 : 16-19. 2. Talvelkar, B. A. (1968). Behavior of the wild animals.B.V.C.M. 15 : 61-63 3. Talvelkar, B. A. and Kulkarni, M. V. (1969) .Studies on Growth of White Leghorn Chicks.B.V.C.M. 16: 40-42 5. Raikar, R.K., Talvelkar, B. A. and Joshi, V. G. (1975)A Preliminary report on some electrolytes in broilers.B.V.C.M. 20 : 45-47. 6. Talvelkar, B. A., Kulkarni, B. A. and Raikar, R. K. (1980). Haematological Studies in Gir and Crossbred Cows.Indian Vet. J. 57 : 640-643. 7. Talvelkar, B. A., Raikar, R. K., Sheth, A.R. and Gadgil, B. A. (1981).Serum LH Levels in Fertile Vs Infertile Inseminations in Purebred and Crossbred Cows. Indian J. Animal Sciences 51: 832-833 8. Talvelkar, B. A., Raikar, R. K., Sheth, A. R. and Gadgil, B. A. (1981).Diurnal Variation in The Serum LH and Prolactin Levels in Gir and Crossbred Heifers. Indian J. Dairy Sci. 34 : 469-471 9. Raikar, R. K., Joshi, V. G., Mantri, A. M., Deopurkar, V.L. and Deshmukh, B. T. (1981) A note on the effect of Prajana on layer performance. The Indian Poultry Gazette 65 (1) : 27 – 28 10. Talvelkar, B. A., Raikar, R.K. and Gadgil, B. A. (1982). Note on Serum Luteinizing Hormone and Protactin Levels in Purebred Gir and Crossbred Heifers before the Onset of Puberty. Indian J. Anim. Sci. 52 : 948-950. 11. Talvelkar, B. A., Raikar, R .K., Sheth, A. R. and Gadgil, B. A. (1982). Serum LH and Prolactin Levels during Late Pregnancy, Parturition and Early Lactation Period in Gir and Crossbred Cows. Indian J. Dairy Sci. 35 : 318 – 321. 12. Talvelkar, B. A., Raikar, R.K., Sheth, A. R. and Gadgil, B. A.(1982). Serum Prolactin Levels and Milk Yield in Gir and Crossbred Cows. Indian J. Dairy Sci. 35: 361-365 13. Talvelkar, B. A., Raikar, R. K., Sheth, A. R. and Gadgil, B. A. (1982). Serum LH and Serum Prolactin Levels during Postpartum Period in Purebred Gir and Crossbred Cows. Indian J. Dairy Sci. 35: 505-510 14. Kulkarni, B A., Talvelkar, B. A., Deshmukh, B. T., Kolhatkar V. P., Patankar D. D. and Gokani, S. S. (1983). Biochemical Studies in Gir and Crossbred Dairy Cows. Indian Vet.J. 60: 17-22. 15. Deshmukh, B. T. and Chorey, P. A. (1983) Influence of milking rate on yield and composition of milk. P. K. V. Research Journal7 (2) : 62 – 65 16. Kulkarni, B. A., Talvelkar, B. A., Kaushik, R. V., Gokani, S. S., Patankar, D. D., Kulkarni, B. S. (1984). Biochemical Studies in Gir and Jersey Lactating Cows. Indian Vet. J. 61 : 377 – 381. 17. Kulkarni, B. A., Talvelkar, B. A., Kaushik, R. V., Gokani, S. S., Patankar, D. D. and Kulkarni, B. S. (1984). Studies on Serum Biochemical Constituents in Lactating and Dry Indian buffaloes. Indian Vet.J. 61: 564 – 568. 18. Deshmukh, B. T and Ludri, R. S. (1985) Residual milk at different frequencies of milking and stages of lactation in crossbred cows. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 55 (10) : 898 – 900 19. Deshmukh, B. T. and Ludri, R. S. Effect of oxytocin administration at different frequencies of feeding and milking on yield and organic constituents of milk in crossbred cows. (1987) International Journal of Animal Sciences. 2 (2) : 109 – 112 20. Talvelkar, B. A. (1988). Studies on Certain Aspects of Eggs in The Purebred Strains of White Leghorn, Australorp and Their Crosses, White – Austro. I.A.L.V. Bulletin 2 : 27 – 32. 21. Deshmukh, B. T. (1989) Tin Vela Dudh Kadhun Dudhacha Adhik Utpadan (Marathi) Shetkari Magazine. March Issue PP 23 – 24 22. Deshmukh, B. T. and Ludri, R. S. Citric acid in milk of crossbred cows at different frequencies of milking and stages of lactation. (1989) Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 59 (4) : 474 – 475 23. Deshmukh, B. T. (1989)Effect of radioactive contamination on animal and public health. Dairy Guide. 12(10-12) : 25 – 27 24. Deshmukh, B. T. and Ludri, R. S. (1990) Some observations on water consumption and body weights in crossbred cows fed and milked at varying intervals. Indian Journal of Dairy Science. 43(2) : 160 – 163 25. Kulkarni, B. A., Talvelkar, B. A., Kaushik, R. V., Gokani, S. S., Patankar, D. D. and Kulkarni, B. S. (1990). Studies on Blood Metabolic Profiles in Gir, Rathi, Kankrej and Harayana Lactating Cows. J. Vety. Physiol & Allied Sci. 1 : 16 – 27. 26. Bhangale, P. B., Joshi. V. G., Kulkarni, B. A., Talvelkar, B. A. and Deshmukh, B. T. (1990). A study of Effects of some Climatic Factors on Physiological Responses in Gir and Crossbred Lactating Cows. Indian J. Dairy Sci. 43: 282 – 286. 27. Deshmukh, B. T. and Ludri, R. S (1991) Influence of equal hours of feeding and milking on secretion of milk in lactating crossbred cows. Indian Journal of Dairy Science. 44 (2) : 147 – 150 28. Deshmukh, B. T., Joshi, V. G. Patil, M. D. Talvelkar, B. A. and Mhatre, A. J. (1991). Induced lactation in dairy cattle for increased milk production: Effect on Major Milk Constituents.Indian J. Dairy Sci. 45 : 110-113. 29. Joshi, V. G., Rajwade, N. A., Desai , N. K. and Talvelkar, B. A. (1992) . The Study of Indigenous and White Leg Horn Layers in Their Key Physiological States Indian J. Anim. Sci. 62 : 629-634. 30. Patil M. D., Talvelkar, B. A., Joshi V. G. and Deshmukh, B. T., (1992). Haematological Studies in Murrah Buffaloes.Indian Vet. J. 69 : 661 –663. 31. Patil M. D., Talvelkar, B. A., Joshi V. G. and Deshmukh, B. T. (1992). Haematological Studies in Murrah Buffaloes: TLC, DLC and micrometry of leucocytes. Indian Vet. J. 69 :760 – 761. 32. Kulkarni, B. A, Talvelkar, B. A. , Kaushik, R. V., Gokani, S. S., Patankar, D. D. and Kulkarni B. S. (1993) . Studies on Blood Metabolic Profiles in Crossbred Lactating Cows. Indian J. Anim. Sci. : 63: 716 –719. 33. Deshmukh, B. T., Joshi, V. G., Katkam, R. R. and Puri, C. P. (1993) Hormonal induction of lactation in dairy cattle: Major milk constituents and oestradiol and progesterone levels in serum and milk. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 63 (6) : 611 – 617 34. Manzoor, M; Deshmukh, B. T., Joshi V. G., Kulkarni, B. A., Talvelkar, B. A., Pahuja, D. N. Borkar, A. V. and Samuel A. M. (1994 ). Concentration of some Major Elements in Blood Plasma and Milk of Crossbred Cows during Different Stages of Lactation Indian J. Dairy Sci. 47: 94 –98. 35. Kulkarni, B. A., Deshmukh, B. T., Katkam, R. R. and Puri, C. P. (1994) Follicular fluid steroid hormone levels of the Indian buffalo. Buffalo Journal.1 : 71 – 74 36. Deshmukh, B. T. and Ludri, R. S. (1994) Influence of frequency of feeding and milking on dry matter intake, milk yield and composition in crossbred cows. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 64 (9) : 992 – 995 37. Jagdale, D. S. ,Talvelkar, B. A., Mantri, A. M. and Deshmukh, B. T.(1995). Studies on Lipid Profile in Crossbred Cows Indian J. Dairy Sci. 48: 96- 98 38. Dalvi, S. H., Deshmukh, B. T., Mantri, A. M, and Talvelkar, B. A. (1995). Concentration of Blood Serum Thyroid Hormones during Late Pregnancy, Parturition and Early Lactation in Crossbred Cows. Indian J. Anim. Sci. : 65: 15 – 19 39. Bansode, P. D., Mantri, A. M., Deshmukh, B. T. and Talvelkar, B. A. (1996). Effect of Intramuscular injection of Oxytocin on Milk Production and its Constituents. Indian J. Dairy Sci. 40 : 718- 720 40. Deshmukh, B. T. and Ludri, R. S. (1996) Dry matter consumption and milk production of crossbred cows as influenced by the environmental variables. Indian Journal of Dairy Science. 49 (10) : 648 – 653 41. Jagdale, D. S. ,Talvelkar, B. A. , Mantri, A. M. and Deshmukh, B. T. (1996 – 98). Studies on Estradiol –17 ß and Progesterone in Crossbred Cows. J. Bombay Vet. Coll. 6 : 41- 43 . 42. Deshmukh, B. T. and Mantri, A. M. (1997) Thyroid hormones concentration during lactation in cows. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 67 (10) : 880 – 881 43. Bhere, S. K., Deshmukh, B. T, Nagvekar A. S. and Talvelkar, B. A. (1997). Effect of Bovine Somatotropin on Production Parameters in Cows. Indian J. Anim. Sci. : 67: 897 – 901. 44. Deshpande, S. M., Mantri, A. M., Talvelkar, B. A. and Deshmukh, B. T. (1998). Studies on Macroelements during Gestation and Early Postpartum Period in Gir and Crossbred Cows. Indian J. Dairy Sci. 51: 275 – 279. 45. Garje, V. D., Talvelkar, B. A., Mantri, A. M. and Deshmukh, B. T. (1999). Effect of Exogenous Bovine Somatotropin on Sodium, Potassium and Chloride Contents of Milk of Lactating Crossbred Cows. Indian J. Anim. Sci. 69 : 482 – 484. 46. Ingole, S. D. Talvelkar, B. A., Deshmukh, B. T. and Nagvekar, A. S. (1999). Serum Enzyme Profile during Gestation and Early Lactation in Gir and Crossbred Cows. Indian J. Anim. Sci. 69 : 479 – 481. 47. Gadhave, L. R., Mantri, A. M., Talvelkar, B. A. and Deshmukh, B. T. (2000). Serum Protein Profile during Gestation and Early Postpartum Period in Gir and Crossbred Cows. Indian Vet. J. 77 : 114 – 116. 48. Atak, B. V., Talvelkar, B. A. , Deshmukh, B. T., Nagvekar, A. S. and Patil, S. P. (2000) . Serum Enzyme Profile during Growth in Gir and Crossbred Calves. Indian Vet. J. 77 : 300 – 302. 49. Patil, S. P., Talvelkar, B. A. , Deshmukh, B. T., Nagvekar, A. S. and Atak, B. V. (2000 ). Studies on Some Blood Values during Growth in Gir and Crossbred Calves. Indian Vet. J. 77 : 296 – 299. 50. Vadnere, N. B., Deshmukh, B. T., Talvelkar, B. A., Nagvekar, A. S. and Chinchkar, S. R. (2000) Induced hypothyroidism in goats. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 70 (6) : 600 – 602 51. Harlikar, M. N., Ingole S. D. and Talvelkar, B. A. (2000). Studies on Serum Iron and Copper levels in crossbred female calves and heifers The Veterinarian 24 : 5-6. 52. Deshmukh, B. T. (2000) Somatotropin and lactation ISSRF Newsletter July 2005: 18 – 19 53. Harlikar, M. N., Talvelkar, B. A., Deshmukh, B. T., Nagvekar, A. S and Ingole S.D.( 2000) Trace elements profile during growth in crossbred calves and heifers. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 70(11): 1147-1149 54. Deshmukh, B. T., Nagvekar, A. S., Talvelkar, B. A., Dalvi, S. A. and Chinchkar, S.R(2001) Effect of bovine somatotropin on blood serum minerals, thyroid hormones and eproductive performance of lactating crossbred cows. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 71(7): 663-66 55. Bharucha, S. V., Deshmukh, B. T., Nagvekar, A. S. and Talvelkar, B. A. (2001) Effect of bovine somatotropin on blood serum protein profile in lactating crossbred cows. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 71(7): 667-669 56. Bhide, S. V., Deshmukh, B. T., Talvelkar, B. A. and Nagvekar, A. S.(2001) Effect of induced hypothyroidism on blood biochemical constituents in goats. Indian Veterinary Journal . 78: 205-208 57. Vadnere, N. B., Deshmukh, B. T., Talvelkar, B. A. and Nagvekar, A. S. (2002) Effect of induced hypothyroidism on haematological parameters in goats. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 72(2): 151-153 58. Sonawane, N. S., Talvelkar, B. A., Nagvekar, A. S., Bharucha, S. V. and Deshmukh, B. T. (2002) Effect of recombinant bovine somatotropin on the blood lipid profile in lactating crossbred cows. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 72(4): 306-308 59. Mehere, Y. S., Talvelkar, B. A., Deshmukh, B. T., Nagvekar, A. S. and Ingole, S. D. (2002). Haematological and Trace Elements Profile during Peripartum Period in crossbred Cows. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 72 : 148-150 60. Nalavade, S. B., Talvelkar, B. A., Deshmukh, B. T., Nagvekar, A. S., Ingole, S. D. and Vadnere, N. B. (2002). Comparative Study of Blood serum Lipid Profile in Buffalo and Cow Bulls. The Journal of Bombay Veterinary College. 10 : 15 – 18 61. Bahiram, K. B., Talvelkar, B. A., Deshmukh, B. T., Nagvekar, A. S. and Ingole, S. D. (2002). Mineral Profile During Growth in crossbred Calves and Heifers. The Journal of Bombay Veterinary College. 10 : 25 – 27 62. Nikam, S. R., Deshmukh, B. T., Vadnere, N. B., Nagvekar, A. S and Ingole, S. D. (2005). Comparative appraisal of seminal plasma lipid profile in buffalo and cow bulls. Journal of Bombay Veterinary College. 13 (1&2) : 46 – 49 63. Bidye, S. V., Deshmukh, B. T., Vadnere, N. B., Nagvekar, A. S and Ingole, S. D. (2005). Comparative appraisal of serum thyroid hormones in buffalo and cow bulls. Journal of Bombay Veterinary College. 13 (1&2) : 57 – 59 64. Kancharla, S. B., Deshmukh, B. T., Vadnere, N. B., Nagvekar, A. S and Ingole, S. D. (2006). Comparative appraisal of seminal plasma trace elements in buffalo and cow bulls. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 76 (2) : 137 – 138 65. Talvelkar, B. A., Patil, R. R., Ingole, S. D., Bharucha, S. V. and Pawar, L. D. (2006) Haematological profile of buffaloes during peripartum period. Journal of Bombay Veterinary College. 14 (1&2) : 75 – 77 66. Talvelkar, B. A., Patil, R. R., Ingole, S. D., Bhere S. K. and Bharucha, S. V. (2006) Haematological profile of buffaloes during gestation and lactation. Journal of Bombay Veterinary College. 14 (1&2) : 93 – 95 67. Talvelkar, B. A., Patil, R. R., Ingole, S. D. and Bharucha, S. V. (2007) Influence of enzymes on milk production and reproductive efficiency. Intas Polivet. 8(1) :185 – 187 68. Dhaware, S. D., Deshmukh, B. T., Nagvekar, A. S., Ingole, S. D., Dalvi, S. H and Shiny Joy. (2007) Biochemical profile of buffalo follicular fluid. Buffalo Journal. 1 : 19 – 28 69. Talvelkar, B. A., Patil, R. R., Ingole, S. D. and Bharucha, S. V. (2008) Serum enzymatic profile of buffaloes during gestation, lactation.and peripartum period. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 78 (3) : 247 – 250 70. Tripathi, P. M., Ingole, S. D., Deshmukh, B. T., Nagvekar, A. S. and Bharucha, S. V. (2010) Serum lipid profile during lactation in buffalo. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 80 (3) : 217 – 219 71. Ingole, S. D., Deshmukh, B. T., Nagvekar, A. S. and Bharucha, S. V. Endocrine profile from birth to puberty in buffalo calves and heifers. Indian J. Anim Sci (July 2011) 72. Nagvekar, A. S., Deshmukh, B. T and Ingole, S. D Profiles of serum somatotropin, gonadotropins, ovarian steroids and thyroidal hormones during gestation of Murrah buffalo. Indian Vet. J. (In Press)

Completed Research Projects Project No. 1

Title of the Project	:	Adhoc Research Scheme: Studies on blood serum protein pattern in dairy animals
Principal Investigator	:	Dr. B. A. Kulkarni
Funding Agency	:	Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi
Duration of the Research Project	:	1971 – 1973

The study investigated the blood serum protein pattern in dairy animals. Project No. 2

Title of the Project	:	Adhoc Research Scheme: Studies on humoral immune status of the crossbred and indigenous dairy cattle
Principal Investigator	:	Dr. B. A. Kulkarni
Funding Agency	:	Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi
Duration of the Research Project	:	June 1988 to May 1992

The suckling neonatal calves had significantly higher total immunoglobulins and IgG levels as compared with bucket fed calves. Compared to 0 hour, the levels of total immunoglobulins significantly decreased at 24 hours, and further there was consistent fall in the total immunoglobulins levels upto one week. The results indicated that the calves of Gir cross with Jersey and Gir cross with Holstein Friesian showed great adaptability to the hot humid climate of the Konkan region. Further, significantly higher level of seminal plasma IgG was observed in crossbred bulls as compared with Holstein Friesian breeding bulls. Project No. 3

Title of the Project	:	Adhoc Research Scheme: Hormonal induction of lactation in dairy cattle for increased milk production
Principal Investigator	:	Dr. B. T. Deshmukh
Funding Agency	:	Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth – Bombay Veterinary College
Duration of the Research Project	:	July 1989 to June 1991

The results of this study indicated that treatment with oestradiol – 17b and progesterone is a viable method of inducing lactation in infertile cows. The quality and quantity of induced milk is comparable to that of the normal lactating animals. The levels oestradiol and progesterone in blood serum and milk did not exceed those found in serum and milk of normal cows. Project No. 4

Title of the Project	:	Adhoc Research Scheme: Thyroid hormones concentration in relation to stage of lactation in crossbred cows
Principal Investigator	:	Dr. B. T. Deshmukh
Funding Agency	:	Department of Atomic Energy (D.A.E), Government of India, Mumbai
Duration of the Research Project	:	June 1992 to May 1995

The concentration of thyroxine and tri-iodothyronine did not differ and remained almost the same during early, mid and late stages of lactation The average milk yield in early stage of lactation was significantly higher (P<0.01) than the yields in mid and late stages of lactation. The yields in the mid and late stages of lactation did not differ. In early lactation, the levels of thyroxine were negatively correlated with milk yield. It was suggested that lower thyroxine of plasma was associated with higher lactational performance, possibly due to greater utilization of plasma thyroxine in higher producers. Project No. 5

Title of the Project	:	Emeritus Scientist’s Scheme: Studies on seminal plasma proteins of the Indian Buffalo and Cattle
Principal Investigator	:	Dr. B. A. Kulkarni
Funding Agency	:	Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi
Duration of the Research Project	:	February 1993 to January 1996

Seminal plasma protein profiles of normal fertile, subfertile and infertile buffalo and different breeds of cattle (HF, Jersey crosses) bulls were studied by using Sephadex gel filtration chromatography, Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrelamide gel electrophoresis (SDS- PAGE), Two dimensional high resolution polyacrelamide gel electrophoresis (2 DHR – PAGE), Isoelectric focusing immunoelectrophoresis and immunodiffusion analysis. This study established heterogenisity of seminal plasma proteins of cattle and buffalo bulls. Distinct difference in the SDS – PAGE pattern of sperm proteins, seminal plasma and blood plasma proteins was evident in both the species. Seminal plasma total proteins, albumin, globulin and creatinine concentrations were lowest in Jersey and highest in HF bulls. Project No. 6

Title of the Project	:	Adhoc Research Scheme: Application of growth hormone biotechnology in dairy cattle for increased milk production
Principal Investigator	:	Dr. B. T. Deshmukh
Funding Agency	:	Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi
Duration of the Research Project	:	July 1994 to June 1998

The results of this study clearly established that administration of recombinantly derived bovine somatotropin causes significant increase in milk production (17.26% to 21.96%, FCM yield 21.03% to 24.26%) in crossbred cows. Milk fat, protein, lactose, ash & total solids percentages are unaffected by bovine somatotropin treatment. Dry-matter intake remained almost the similar in control and treated cows but a feed efficiency was apparently better in treated cows. The increase in milk production observed in this study could be due to partitioning of nutrients towards the mammary gland for milk synthesis & away from use by body tissues.The percentages of cows remaining pregnant and calving rate were almost comparable in bovine somatotropin treated & control cows. Services per conception were lower in 250 mg & 500 mg groups when compared with controls, suggesting that services per conception were not affected due to bST treatment. Bovine somatotropin treatment had no discernible effect on gestation length. The animals maintained good health throughout. Project No. 7

Title of the Project	:	Adhoc Research Scheme: Haematological and trace element profile in different physiological states of dairy animals
Principal Investigator	:	Dr. (Mrs.) B. A. Talvelkar
Funding Agency	:	Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi
Duration of the Research Project	:	July 1997 to February 2001

The study was conducted on 180 Gir x Jersey and Gir x HF crossbred calves, heifers and 221 crossbred cows. Effect of growth, pregnancy and lactation on haematological parameters and serum Fe, Cu, Co, Zn and Mn concentrations was studied. The results revealed that erythrocyte and leucocyte count increased with age in calves. Serum iron and copper levels significantly increased during maturity. This may be due to high estrogenic activity during puberty. During pregnancy decreasing trend in iron values were recorded which could be attributed to placental iron transport. Serum Cu level was maintained at elevated plateau in early pregnancy as Cu is involved in brain and nervous tissue development of foetus. The increasing trend in serum Fe values during lactation may reflect increased ceruloplasmin synthesis. Changes in Co concentration during lactation period might be related to its demand and utilization during stages of lactation. Project No. 8

Title of the Project	:	Adhoc Research Scheme: Studies on inhibin immunization for improving fertility of the Indian Buffalo
Principal Investigator	:	Dr. B. T. Deshmukh
Funding Agency	:	Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi
Duration of the Research Project	:	December 2000 to  November 2003

a) Comparative study of seminal characteristics, serum inhibin, gonadotropins, testosterone and seminal plasma inhibin activity in buffalo and cow bulls: The results revealed that the volume of ejaculate was lower in buffalo bulls than in cow bulls. The sperm concentration per ml was however, similar in buffalo and cow bulls. The other seminal characters viz., seminal pH, per cent live sperm, per cent abnormal sperm, per cent normal sperm and per cent acrosomal intactness remained almost similar in buffalo and cow bulls. The serum testosterone concentration was about 6 times lower in buffalo bulls. The serum FSH concentration was comparatively lower in buffalo bulls than that in cow bulls. Small difference in FSH concentration of Murrah, Holstein Friesian, Jersey and crossbreds bulls however was not statistically significant. The serum LH and inhibin concentrations were higher in buffalo bulls than in cow bulls. The Buffalo bulls due to their black skin coat are more prone to heat stress and probably due to this reason, they require more LH concentration to maintain basal testosterone level. Seminal plasma inhibin activity was higher in buffalo bulls than in cow bulls, except in crossbred bulls, which was almost similar. Serum FSH concentration was positively correlated with seminal plasma inhibin activity in cow bulls. b) Effect of inhibin immunization on seminal characteristics, serum gonadotropins and testosterone concentrations in buffalo bulls: This study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of immunization against porcine inhibin alpha 1-32 (pIα1-32) on seminal characteristics, serum gonadotropins and testosterone concentrations in buffalo bulls. The result of radioimmunoassay of inhibin antibody titer and Ouchterlony’s diffusion test revealed that no lines of precipitation were observed. It was suggestive of absence of antibodies against pIα1–32 in serum samples of immunized buffalo bulls. The failure to elicit the immune response in immunized buffalo bulls might be due to insufficient dose of immunogen or failure of immunogen to evoke immune response in buffalo bulls. Except transient variations, immunization against inhibin did not affect the seminal characteristics viz.; volume of ejaculate (ml), seminal pH, sperm concentration (million / ml), sperm concentration (million / ejaculate), mass activity, per cent initial motility, per cent live sperm, per cent abnormal sperm and per cent acrosomal intactness. The serum FSH, LH and testosterone concentrations did not significantly differ and remained almost similar in control and inhibin–immunized buffalo bulls. Further at primary and booster immunization, the levels of FSH and LH remained unaffected except testosterone which in comparison with pre – immunization levels, showed a significant increase at primary and 1st booster immunizations, followed by 2nd and 3rd boosters, in both control and inhibin–immunized buffalo bulls. The increase may be attributable to a non-specific response to Freund’s adjuvant, which constituted the bulk in both, inhibin immunized and control groups. During the two-hour blood collection period, the mean serum FSH, LH and testosterone concentrations in both control and inhibin–immunized buffalo bulls remained unaffected. Among the samplings at 20 minutes intervals, the mean serum FSH and LH also remained unaffected. However, a progressive increase in the serum testosterone concentration was recorded in both control and inhibin–immunized buffalo bulls. The significance of this finding is unclear. On the basis of these results, it is suggested to undertake studies involving more number of boosters with higher immunogen quantity to evince the antibody response. Project No. 9

Title of the Project	:	Emeritus Scientist’s Scheme: Studies on Haematological and Enzyme Profiles in Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) and their influence on Milk Production and reproductive Efficiency
Principal Investigator	:	Dr. (Mrs.) B. A. Talvelkar
Funding Agency	:	Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi
Duration of the Research Project	:	2005 to  2007

Project No. 10

Title of the Project	:	Adhoc Research Scheme: Hormone assays and endocrine applications for optimization of production of buffalo
Principal Investigator	:	Dr. B. T. Deshmukh
Funding Agency	:	DAE, BRNS, Mumbai
Duration of the Research Project	:	2007 to  2010

The results of the study indicated that the average age at puberty in Murrah buffalo heifers was 28.35 ± 0.08 months with an average body weight of 361.42 ± 1.34 kg. The serum progesterone profile could be used as the criterion for cyclicity commencement in the present study. The gradual rise and highest GH concentration at prepubertal period indicates gradual development and maturation of reproductive organs. Thus, GH is an important regulator in the process of sexual differentiation and pubertal maturation in buffalo heifers. The increase in serum FSH in prepubertal and pubertal heifers indicated that the heifers had attained puberty and this change in FSH could be associated with waves of follicular development during ovulatory cycles. Further, the high concentration of serum LH in prepubertal heifers is a critical event which leads to onset of puberty and helps to trigger initiation and organization of cyclic ovarian activity in buffalo heifers. The sharp decrease in serum T3 and T4 concentrations after birth could be attributed to the phenomena of adaptation, as the calves remain under stress for a considerable time after birth due to extra uterine environment which is substantiated by high circulatory levels of cortisol. The high thyroid levels during prepubertal stage may be necessary for gain in weight. The increase in serum estradiol around puberty is followed by increase in body weight. This rise in body weight reflected the development and maturation of reproductive organs as well as skeletal maturation. The high concentration of cortisol after birth may be due to exposure of calves to stressful external environment and in prepubertal and pubertal heifers which could be attributed to the stress due to high environmental temperature during summer. The results indicated that the average gestation length in Murrah buffaloes recorded was 321 ± 2.65 days. The growth hormone level in serum remained unaffected during gestation. The concentration of serum FSH exhibited increasing trend from early to mid gestation, the levels were low during late gestation. The LH and estradiol concentrations in serum exhibited increasing trend from early through late gestation. Serum thyroid stimulating hormone was higher during mid gestation followed by late and early stages. Higher concentration of serum T3 and T4 was recorded during mid gestation. The T4 : T3 ratio however, was higher during late gestation followed by early and mid gestation. The serum progesterone and cortisol concentrations remained unalterd during gestation. The differences in serum hormone patterns in aborted buffalo and the buffaloes delivering a normal living calf were observed. The relationship of gestation fortnights with serum hormones revealed that the gestational fortnights were positively correlated with serum GH and estradiol and negatively with serum cortisol. The serum GH was negatively correlated with serum cortisol. The serum FSH was positively correlated with serum T3. The serum T3 was negatively correlated with serum T4 : T3 ratio. Other relationships were statistically non significant.